浅析Angular中两种类型的Form表单

本篇文章带大家了解一下Angular中两种Form表单,简单介绍一下它们的用法,希望对大家有所帮助!

浅析Angular中两种类型的Form表单

Angular 中,表单有两种类型,分别为模板驱动和模型驱动。【相关教程推荐:《angular教程》】

1. 模板驱动

1.1 概述

表单的控制逻辑写在组件模板中,适合简单的表单类型

1.2 快速上手

引入依赖模块 FormsModule

import { FormsModule } from "@angular/forms"

@NgModule({
  imports: [FormsModule],
})
export class AppModule {}

DOM 表单转换为 ngForm

<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)"></form>

声明表单字段为 ngModel

<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>

获取表单字段值

import { NgForm } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
    console.log(form.value)
  }
}

表单分组

<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <div ngModelGroup="user">
    <input type="text" name="username" ngModel />
  </div>
  <div ngModelGroup="contact">
    <input type="text" name="phone" ngModel />
  </div>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>

1.3 表单验证

  • required 必填字段
  • minlength 字段最小长度
  • maxlength 字段最大长度
  • pattern 验证正则 例如:pattern="\d" 匹配一个数值
<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input type="text" name="username" ngModel required pattern="\d" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit(form: NgForm) {
    // 查看表单整体是否验证通过
    console.log(form.valid)
  }
}
<!-- 表单整体未通过验证时禁用提交表单 -->
<button type="submit" [disabled]="f.invalid">提交</button>

在组件模板中显示表单项未通过时的错误信息

<form #f="ngForm" (submit)="onSubmit(f)">
  <input #username="ngModel" />
  <div *ngIf="username.touched && !username.valid && username.errors">
    <div *ngIf="username.errors.required">请填写用户名</div>
    <div *ngIf="username.errors.pattern">不符合正则规则</div>
  </div>
</form>

指定表单项未通过验证时的样式

input.ng-touched.ng-invalid {
  border: 2px solid red;
}

2. 模型驱动

2.1 概述

表单的控制逻辑写在组件类中,对验证逻辑拥有更多的控制权,适合复杂的表单的类型。

在模型驱动表单中,表单字段需要是 FormControl 类的实例,实例对象可以验证表单字段中的值,值是否被修改过等等

1.png

一组表单字段构成整个表单,整个表单需要是 FormGroup 类的实例,它可以对表单进行整体验证

2.png

  • FormControl:表单组中的一个表单项

  • FormGroup:表单组,表单至少是一个 FormGroup

  • FormArray:用于复杂表单,可以动态添加表单项或表单组,在表单验证时,FormArray 中有一项没通过,整体没通过

2.2 快速上手

引入 ReactiveFormsModule

import { ReactiveFormsModule } from "@angular/forms"

@NgModule({
  imports: [ReactiveFormsModule]
})
export class AppModule {}

在组件类中创建 FormGroup 表单控制对象

import { FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"

export class AppComponent {
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl(),
    phone: new FormControl()
  })
}

关联组件模板中的表单

<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
  <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>

获取表单值

export class AppComponent {
  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.contactForm.value)
  }
}

设置表单默认值

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("默认值"),
  phone: new FormControl(15888888888)
})

表单分组

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  fullName: new FormGroup({
    firstName: new FormControl(),
    lastName: new FormControl()
  }),
  phone: new FormControl()
})
<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <div formGroupName="fullName">
    <input type="text" formControlName="firstName" />
    <input type="text" formControlName="lastName" />
  </div>
  <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
onSubmit() {
  console.log(this.contactForm.value.name.username)
  console.log(this.contactForm.get(["name", "username"])?.value)
}

2.3 FormArray

需求:在页面中默认显示一组联系方式,通过点击按钮可以添加更多联系方式组

import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core"
import { FormArray, FormControl, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
@Component({
  selector: "app-root",
  templateUrl: "./app.component.html",
  styles: []
})
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
  // 表单
  contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    contacts: new FormArray([])
  })

  get contacts() {
    return this.contactForm.get("contacts") as FormArray
  }

  // 添加联系方式
  addContact() {
    // 联系方式
    const myContact: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
      name: new FormControl(),
      address: new FormControl(),
      phone: new FormControl()
    })
    // 向联系方式数组中添加联系方式
    this.contacts.push(myContact)
  }

  // 删除联系方式
  removeContact(i: number) {
    this.contacts.removeAt(i)
  }

  ngOnInit() {
    // 添加默认的联系方式
    this.addContact()
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.contactForm.value)
  }
}
<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <div formArrayName="contacts">
    <div
      *ngFor="let contact of contacts.controls; let i = index"
      [formGroupName]="i"
    >
      <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
      <input type="text" formControlName="address" />
      <input type="text" formControlName="phone" />
      <button (click)="removeContact(i)">删除联系方式</button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <button (click)="addContact()">添加联系方式</button>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>

2.4 内置表单验证器

使用内置验证器提供的验证规则验证表单字段

import { FormControl, FormGroup, Validators } from "@angular/forms"

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("默认值", [
    Validators.required,
    Validators.minLength(2)
  ])
})

获取整体表单是否验证通过

onSubmit() {
  console.log(this.contactForm.valid)
}
<!-- 表单整体未验证通过时禁用表单按钮 -->
<button [disabled]="contactForm.invalid">提交</button>

在组件模板中显示为验证通过时的错误信息

get name() {
  return this.contactForm.get("name")!
}
<form [formGroup]="contactForm" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="text" formControlName="name" />
  <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
    <div *ngIf="name.errors.required">请填写姓名</div>
    <div *ngIf="name.errors.maxlength">
      姓名长度不能大于
      {{ name.errors.maxlength.requiredLength }} 实际填写长度为
      {{ name.errors.maxlength.actualLength }}
    </div>
  </div>
</form>

2.5 自定义同步表单验证器

  • 自定义验证器的类型是 TypeScript

  • 类中包含具体的验证方法,验证方法必须为静态方法

  • 验证方法有一个参数 control,类型为 AbstractControl。其实就是 FormControl 类的实例对象的类型

  • 如果验证成功,返回 null

  • 如果验证失败,返回对象,对象中的属性即为验证标识,值为 true,标识该项验证失败

  • 验证方法的返回值为 ValidationErrors | null

import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"

export class NameValidators {
  // 字段值中不能包含空格
  static cannotContainSpace(control: AbstractControl): ValidationErrors | null {
    // 验证未通过
    if (/\s/.test(control.value)) return { cannotContainSpace: true }
    // 验证通过
    return null
  }
}
import { NameValidators } from "./Name.validators"

contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
  name: new FormControl("", [
    Validators.required,
    NameValidators.cannotContainSpace
  ])
})
<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
  <div *ngIf="name.errors.cannotContainSpace">姓名中不能包含空格</div>
</div>

2.6 自定义异步表单验证器

import { AbstractControl, ValidationErrors } from "@angular/forms"

export class NameValidators {
  static shouldBeUnique(control: AbstractControl): Promise<ValidationErrors | null> {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      if (control.value == "admin") {
         resolve({ shouldBeUnique: true })
       } else {
         resolve(null)
       }
    })
  }
}
contactForm: FormGroup = new FormGroup({
    name: new FormControl(
      "",
      [
        Validators.required
      ],
      NameValidators.shouldBeUnique
    )
 })
<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.invalid && name.errors">
  <div *ngIf="name.errors.shouldBeUnique">用户名重复</div>
</div>
<div *ngIf="name.pending">正在检测姓名是否重复</div>

2.7 FormBuilder

创建表单的快捷方式。

  • this.fb.control:表单项

  • this.fb.group:表单组,表单至少是一个 FormGroup

  • this.fb.array:用于复杂表单,可以动态添加表单项或表单组,在表单验证时,FormArray 中有一项没通过,整体没通过

1.png

2.8 练习

获取一组复选框中选中的值

<form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <label *ngFor="let item of Data">
    <input type="checkbox" [value]="item.value" (change)="onChange($event)" />
    {{ item.name }}
  </label>
  <button>提交</button>
</form>
import { Component } from "@angular/core"
import { FormArray, FormBuilder, FormGroup } from "@angular/forms"
interface Data {
  name: string
  value: string
}
@Component({
  selector: "app-checkbox",
  templateUrl: "./checkbox.component.html",
  styles: []
})
export class CheckboxComponent {
  Data: Array<Data> = [
    { name: "Pear", value: "pear" },
    { name: "Plum", value: "plum" },
    { name: "Kiwi", value: "kiwi" },
    { name: "Apple", value: "apple" },
    { name: "Lime", value: "lime" }
  ]
  form: FormGroup

  constructor(private fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = this.fb.group({
      checkArray: this.fb.array([])
    })
  }

  onChange(event: Event) {
    const target = event.target as HTMLInputElement
    const checked = target.checked
    const value = target.value
    const checkArray = this.form.get("checkArray") as FormArray

    if (checked) {
      checkArray.push(this.fb.control(value))
    } else {
      const index = checkArray.controls.findIndex(
        control => control.value === value
      )
      checkArray.removeAt(index)
    }
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.form.value)
  }
}

获取单选框中选中的值

export class AppComponent {
  form: FormGroup

  constructor(public fb: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = this.fb.group({ gender: "" })
  }

  onSubmit() {
    console.log(this.form.value)
  }
}
<form [formGroup]="form" (submit)="onSubmit()">
  <input type="radio" value="male" formControlName="gender" /> Male
  <input type="radio" value="female" formControlName="gender" /> Female
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

2.9 其他

  • patchValue:设置表单控件的值(可以设置全部,也可以设置其中某一个,其他不受影响)

  • setValue:设置表单控件的值 (设置全部,不能排除任何一个)

  • valueChanges:当表单控件的值发生变化时被触发的事件

  • reset:表单内容置空

  • updateValueAndValidity:对指定输入框 取消校验

validateForm: FormGroup; 

this.validateForm.get(&#39;cpwd&#39;).updateValueAndValidity();

更多编程相关知识,请访问:编程视频!!

以上就是浅析Angular中两种类型的Form表单的详细内容,更多请关注https://www.sxiaw.com/其它相关文章!